ML-KEM·Key encapsulation·NIST level 5

ML-KEM-1024

ML-KEM (FIPS 203) is a lattice-based key encapsulation mechanism, standardized by NIST in August 2024. It replaces RSA and elliptic-curve Diffie-Hellman for establishing shared secrets in a post-quantum world.

Latest run2026-08-22 06:30 UTC

commit7e3d474

CPU: Xeon Platinum 8259CL @ 2.50GHz
Instance: t3.mediumburstable
OS / Kernel: 24.04.4 LTS
liboqs: 0.15.0
Wall clock: 54m 10s
CPU steal: 6.9%

Parameters

Family: ML-KEM
Parameter set: 1024
Public key: 1.53 KB
Private key: 3.09 KB
Ciphertext: 1.53 KB
Iterations / op: 1,000
liboqs key: ML-KEM-1024

Regulatory approval status

Whether this algorithm family is approved/recommended for use under three regimes. Every badge links to its source — click through before citing this elsewhere.

CNSA 2.0 (US/NSA)Approved

CNSA 2.0 replaces ECDH/RSA key establishment with ML-KEM. Commercial equipment follows CNSA 1.0 until the CNSSP 156-mandated transition (~2025–2030 depending on equipment type).

NSA CNSA 2.0 Cybersecurity Advisory · not directly verified this session, spot-check the source

BSI TR-02102-1 (DE)Recommended

Listed under §2.4.3 "ML-KEM Key Agreement", one of BSI's recommended quantum-safe asymmetric mechanisms.

BSI TR-02102-1 "Cryptographic Mechanisms: Recommendations and Key Lengths", Version 2026-01 (23 Jan 2026)

ANSSI (FR)Conditional

Recommended at NIST level 5 (preferred) or level 3, using the IND-CCA (active) variant with ephemeral keys where possible — not the parameters modified, and hybridization "strongly emphasized as necessary" in the short/medium term.

ANSSI views on the Post-Quantum Cryptography transition (2023 follow up), §2

keygenGenerate a fresh key pair.

100 of 100 runs

Mean: 25.8 µs
Median: 22.8 µs
p95: 31.7 µs
p99: 107.0 µs
Stdev: 19.0 µs
Min: 22.4 µs
Ops/sec: 38,783

Mean over time

Click any point to view the GitHub Actions run that produced it.

encapEncapsulate: produce a shared secret and ciphertext under the recipient's public key.

100 of 100 runs

Mean: 29.4 µs
Median: 25.4 µs
p95: 38.7 µs
p99: 129.8 µs
Stdev: 21.6 µs
Min: 25.1 µs
Ops/sec: 33,965

Mean over time

Click any point to view the GitHub Actions run that produced it.

decapDecapsulate: recover the shared secret from the ciphertext using the private key.

100 of 100 runs

Mean: 47.0 µs
Median: 46.6 µs
p95: 61.5 µs
p99: 69.2 µs
Stdev: 14.2 µs
Min: 27.6 µs
Ops/sec: 21,264

Mean over time

Click any point to view the GitHub Actions run that produced it.